Industrial Organizational Psychology Essay -- Psychology

During the late nineteenth century the compulsion to study and measure human motives and capabilities came about followed with the birth of the concept Industrial organizational psychology (Industrial/Organizational psychology, n.d.). Industrial organizational psychology, eminently referred to as I/O psychology, is the extension of psychology that applies psychological theories and the principles of organizations (Cherry, n.d.). Converging on the increasing workplace productivity and other issues related to the mental and physical well being of the employees (Cherry, n.d.). Psychologists evaluate companies and conduct leadership training based on the observations of employee behavior and attitudes that populate the company (Cherry, n.d.). Noting the systematic nature of psychological research some early psychologists sought out to apply the interpretation to business predicaments (Industrial/Organizational psychology, n.d.). Beseeched by numerous advertising executives, Walter Dill Scott wrote and published one of the first books linking psychology and the business world collectively (Industrial /Organizational psychology, n.d.). The Theory of Advertising written by Walter Dill Scott was recognized as the first book to link the two worlds of business and psychology, a commencement to the era. The nineteenth century brought about many writings from psychologists which had been influenced by the writing of others, each one having an impact on the I/O psychology movement (Industrial/Organizational psychology, n.d.). During World War I, in 1917, the applied psychology transformed into its own true branch and strengthened as the war raged on (McCarthy, 2002). Psychologists were able to investigate the morale, motivation a... ... Industrial/Organizational psychological methods are found to be the larger organizations of our time (Industrial/Organizational psychology, n.d.). A number of large American corporations namely AT&T, IBM, General Motors Corp., Ford Motor CO., and PepsiCo, Inc., currently have a staff of I/O psychology (Industrial/Organizational psychology, n.d.). In today’s work force there are a multitude of reasons for organizations to be interested in the social and psychological process to better understand how their organization and its employees produce a more productive and competitive company. In regards to these reasons the Industrial/Organizational psychology has had a profound impact on our workforce in the past, present, and near future; it is almost a wonder where we would be today if not for the founding fathers of this particular branch of psychology.

Magnifying and Obscuring Essay

The stories of John Updike’s â€Å"A&P† and William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† both make use of the first person point of view in narration but with very different and quite powerful effects that also affect other elements of the story. The ways in which these two stories play with the individual elements of a piece of fiction show just how important it is to make sure that these individual elements are all taken cared of and built-up with equal care and attention, because a problem with one element can result into a problem with the entire story; the elements must all be able to work together to support each other and to weave a tight story. â€Å"A&P† uses the first person, non-omniscient, singular point of view (POV) narration to build rapport with the main character, Sammy [for example: â€Å"I’m in the third check-out slot, with my back to the door, so I don’t see them until they’re over by the bread; I could see Lengel in my place in the slot, checking the sheep through. † (Updike 560)]. This connection with Sammy is a very important one because it is pretty much the driving force of the story; learning of what’s going on in a teenage boy’s head while there are half-naked girls walking about can make an interesting read. This point of view is really what helps push the reader on along as she or he plods through the â€Å"A&P† plot. With â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, on the other hand, we are given the first person, non-omniscient, plural point of view. Obviously, because it is plural it cannot be the view of the main character, Miss Emily Grierson. Instead we seem to have the entire story narrated to us by the entire town [â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral; for a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin† (Faulkner)]. This works to increase the mystery that surrounds Miss Emily and her house because we never really knew what she is thinking or feeling. This point of view, giving an air of mystery, again, helps push the reader on to discover what happens throughout the story. Relating with the use of the POV are the different story plots. Here, we can see a great difference between â€Å"A&P† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† because we find that one is mainly character-driven while the other has a strong plot that keeps the readers going through the story. It is â€Å"A&P† that is, obviously, character-driven because of its simple plot of a boy wanting to elicit the attention of some pretty girls, which is quite common. Even the events in the story and the simple chronological way that it folds are quite ordinary; it is really Sammy – his thoughts and his feelings – that make a reader interested in the story. And, even up to the ending, readers are all interested only in Sammy’s fate and no one else’s [â€Å"I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter† (Updike 564)]. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, on the other hand, we have a story with a strong plot, aided by the effective point of view narration, which moves the story along. The story hooks readers into the plot by making them curious about who Miss Emily Grierson is from the very beginning – readers are wondering why she is a â€Å"fallen monument† and what is so interesting about the â€Å"inside of her house† (Faulkner). The non-linear timeline that the story follows also strengthens the mystery of Miss Emily because the building block to her life must be pieced together slowly and with a certain amount of intuition, at first. Now, the characters of the two stories are also very different – one is as open to us as a book laid flat-open, while the other is mystery to the very end. With Sammy of â€Å"A&P†, we never seem to see a concrete glimpse of in terms of physical appearance but the readers would all know him if they met him. The first person narration lets us in on all the things that makes Sammy think and tick with that little grocery stop. In his observation of the girls, we find a young man with a keen eye and, also, an eye for beauty. He also shows us the ability of a good imagination when he imagines how the girls behave and how their relationships with each other must be like as when he describes the tall girl as: â€Å"a tall one, with black hair that hadn’t quite frizzed right, and one of these sunburns right across under the eyes, and a chin that was too long — you know, the kind of girl other girls think is very â€Å"striking† and â€Å"attractive† but never quite makes it, as they very well know, which is why they like her so much. † (Updike 561) Sammy, as we can surmise, is a boy that is very much in-touch with his surroundings and his imagination. The characterization of Miss Emily, in contrast, is one that is left murky and shadowy. Because we only see her through the townspeople’s eyes, we never really see her clearly; we can only watch her through the stories, the memories, and the patchwork guesses that these observers give us. But even from this blurry view of Miss Emily through a window, we can see how guarded and closed-off she is from her environment [as when she acted ignorant of Colonel Sartoris’ death (Faulkner)] – the total opposite of Sammy. In â€Å"A&P†, we are set-up in a small grocery store that effectively concentrates our attention on no one and nothing else but Sammy and his current preoccupation. The A&P grocery store acts as the perfect magnifying glass to help us focus on our main character and how he deals with the current situation. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is set-up up throughout decades of a life and in different places of the town; this manner of a setting makes for even more mystery as the reader tries to fill in all the gaps between the years that the narrators had no contact nor any knowledge of what went on in Miss Emily’s life. The vast setting diffuses the readers’ minds and it wanders across time and space, searching for a complete picture of Miss Emily Grierson. These two stories, perhaps more different than alike, prove that good stories don’t need to follow a certain pattern to mold in order to be good; it is in the writer and the dedication to his work that makes a story count. Works Cited Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose For Emily. † 16 February 2008. Fu Jen University: Department of English Language and Literature. 26 June 2009 Updike, John. â€Å"A&P†. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature Eighth Edition. Ed.

Self-Hatred

Self-Hatred â€Å"If you had a person in your life treating you the way you treat yourself, you would have gotten rid of them a long time ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  states Cheri Huber. Self-hatred is one of the most detrimental emotions one can harbor. It is defined as a great and overwhelming dislike and aversion to oneself. Once one starts to accept those feelings, they are headed down a dark path. One way that they are pushed even further down that path is when it is verbally secured by another person, causing the hating person to feel even worse.This is similarly mixed with the emotion of self-anger, but it is very different. Anger is an emotion defined as a feeling of displeasure. Self-hatred is so much more than that. It affects our brain permanently; while anger is just temporary as well as the fact that it is much more likely to affect the way we treat and look at ourselves as a whole. Not only is it dangerous to one’s health, it is dangerous to the well-being of others. This has everything to do with being self-destructive. Self-image moderates behavior.But why do people do it and how do they cope with this awful emotion of self-hatred? Studies have shown that one major method of coping with self-hatred is eating disorders. Anorexia Nervosa is one that affects many more people than we are even aware of. A study conducted through the Coordinated Evaluation and Research at Specialized Units for Eating Disorders project that proved â€Å"interpersonal factors are increasingly in focus on eating disorders†, showing that 79 out of the 114 patients suffering from anorexia nervosa had a self-hatred issue, or a problem with self-esteem.Since self-image affects body image and moderates behavior, one little alteration of reality in the mind can cause one to start to despise themself. If one was being teased at school for example, called fat or ugly, it is proven that even if those people don’t mean anything to us and are just a passer-by, it alters something in our brains. Some of us are able to just â€Å"shake it off†, but it still makes us stop and think â€Å"what if they were right†? It causes us to stop and think for a moment and re-check ourselves.This is why those who do not have the self-esteem or confidence may be truly hurt and damaged by this comment. This could result in anorexia. Anorexia Nervosa is defined as an eating disorder mainly affecting teenage girls and women in which there is a fear of becoming overweight, a distorted body image, and excessive dieting. This happens because of self-hatred. They are not pleased with the way they look, so they go to extremes to try and find happiness with their bodies and maintain that happiness. This is very negative and harmful to their bodies as well as their self-esteem.This can cause many heart and liver problems as well as deteriorating their family life. Self-hatred is the causation of many family issues. The bible states that we should â€Å"love yo ur neighbor as yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Well how is that supposed to happen when one doesn’t love themselves? The article by Michael Sobocinski states that â€Å"when self-hatred occurs, it is difficult to focus on anyone other than oneself because there is so much emotion wasted on hatred†¦ † When hatred for yourself or others takes over heart, it is very difficult to maintain healthy relationships and love in any capacity.Family members or friends may extend a hand of help or comfort but those under the heavy heart of hatred will feel unworthy of the love, making the hatred of themselves just grow deeper than before. It is a never-ending cycle of awful feelings. This could also lead to self-mutilation or suicidal thoughts. Self-mutilation is again a result of the self-hatred one feels and it relieves the stress and pressure of trying to act â€Å"perfect†. When a person feels like they may never measure up to any standards set by those they used to care abo ut, a hopeless feeling sets around them. â€Å"Why am I even trying? and â€Å"They don’t really care about me† are two thoughts that may enter this persons mind. As a result, this person completely shuts off the outside world and may start cutting or experimenting with drugs. The result of this experimenting can be permanent brain damage or even extreme blood loss, affecting not only the heart, but other major organs as well. Healthy body is key in the recovery of a sick person. Once they have decided that their personal health is not worth maintaining, they have decided that they are beyond saving, or that they don’t care enough about their body because they are not worth it.This is when one enters the mindset of a suicidal being. Suicide can be defined as the intentional taking of one’s life. This is when the person has gone beyond help and is not able to even listen to reason. When the person in question has started having suicidal thoughts, they wil l not cease experimental methods until something they wish be done is accomplished. â€Å"I wanted to kill the â€Å"me† underneath. That fact haunted my days and nights. When you realize you hate yourself so much, when you realize that you cannot stand who you are, and this deep spite has been the otivation behind your behavior for many years, your brain can’t quite deal with it. It will try very hard to avoid that realization; it will try, in a last-ditch effort to keep your remaining parts alive, to remake the rest of you. This is, I believe, different from the suicidal wish of those who are in so much pain that death feels like relief, different from the suicide I would later attempt, trying to escape that pain. This is a wish to murder yourself; the connotation of kill is too mild.This is a belief that you deserve slow torture, violent death. † -Marya Hornbacher These people have such a feeling of hatred that they don’t believe they deserve even the right to live. They believe that not only are they doing themselves a favor, they’re doing the rest of society a favor. This is when help is needed desperately. Whether it be serious help, or the actual process of partaking in the most awful act of self-hatred, something will succeed. If they are not caught before they have a chance to take their life, then they will be lost.The number of suicides due to self-hatred has increased tremendously in the United States over the past ten years. There is now more pressure to look like the models on TV, or else one faces criticism. This is unfair to society because most pictures on the internet or in magazines are photo shopped. How is someone supposed to look like a person that doesn’t even exist? They’re not. And that is what most people do not understand in our society. One of the main reasons why self-hatred occurs is because it is placed in our minds by those around us.Nobody grows up and thinks to them, â€Å"I am going to hate what I look like and who I am†. It is placed in the minds of unconfident people by their surroundings and this is why they sometimes go down the path of destruction and ignorance. Not only is it the media’s fault that this is an issue, but it can also be the doing of people we hold close to our hearts such as family members, friends, or significant others. Family may impact this when a child is born into an abusive home, or into one where the mother and father loath each other.The child expects that the reason for this is themself, so they grow up believing they are the cause of misery, especially if they are whom the parents are arguing about. This small and fairly insignificant argument can turn into the child feeling neglected or feeling that they are a burden to their parents. This involves self-hatred and causes the child to feel unworthy of love in any capacity, leading to problems in school, parent relationships, and future relationships for the ch ild. In an abusive or cheating relationship, the loyal person may believe that they pushed their â€Å"significant other† into the arms of another human being.This causes the feelings of â€Å"I’m not good enough† or â€Å"I don’t do enough for that person if they have to run to someone else†. This can cause anxiety in the relationship in general. If the cheater or abuser is looking to pass the blame, they may claim that the loyal person was not good enough and use those already-implanted-feelings to make the loyal feel responsible. Since those feelings were already there to begin with, it is just securing what that person already thinks. Since they are hearing it spoken to them and not just thinking it to themselves, it may affect them harder than before.This causes the person involved to feel incompetent and unworthy of any other good relationship or good human being because they feel as if they may â€Å"push† the new partner away as well , if that is still their line of thinking. Although there are different studies out about self-hatred and the effects and causations of it, no one person can actually say what it is like to be in that particular situation. Researchers can study and observe as much they please, but unless one has actually taken part in the deteriorating mindset of the self-hater, it is just research.Even having been placed in that particular situation a couple of years ago after a sexual assault, I cannot stand and say I know what every self-hater is feeling. Because there is so much diversity, I can only understand particular circumstances. One emotion that used to be very easy to relate to, however, was the feelings of hopelessness. In a situation where one does not have control, they feel weak. They feel beat into the ground and feel like they should just curl up in a hole; feelings of uselessness and unworthiness. They do not feel worthy of love, though the predicament was not their doing.They fe el as if they failed those around them; as if those family and friends would look down upon them or see them as dirty if they came out with their secret of abuse or self-hatred. That is why self-hatred is such a giant deal in our society; because no person wants to admit they have feelings like such. When those people do not admit it and seek help, it builds inside. It builds to be so much pressure that one feels helpless to the hate or depression. This is why so many suicides occur in our country; it’s because those helpless people are not being sought out and brought to the light. Self-hatred is both one of the biggest and well-kept ecrets in our society. It is such a major issue with thousands of people, but it is not a topic many feel comfortable discussing. It needs to be talked about and those people need to know that help is out there. Bullying in our country needs to be decreased so that these self-conscious people have a chance to live a happy life. The bible states â€Å"love your neighbor as yourself for the love of Me†. This means that no matter what the diversity between people, everyone deserves to be happy and healthy. No person is deserving of a heavy, self-hating emotion. These emotions need be ceased and brought into the light.

The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example

The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Paper The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Paper Essay Topic: History The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa, German king and Holy Roman Emperor had a huge impact on medieval Germany during the 12th century. The question of ecclesiastical versus secular power broke out during the emperors reign at a time when Germany was considered to be the strongest monarchy, having authority in Italy and the rest of the Roman Empire. The time was right at Frederick Barbarossas accession in 1152 to restore imperial authority in Italy which had been in demise since the Investiture contest. However this goal threw the Holy Roman emperor into a conflict with the papacy, an obstacle that would prove too hard to overcome in order to achieve all that which the emperor thought was denied to him. However the Papacy also paid a price for holding Frederick in opposition. The Italian policies were far too extent and were finished incomplete. The emperors Italian policies at which he aimed to retrieve from the papacy what he thought he was entitled to, were controversial but innovative. Frederick aimed, with the help of Chancellor Rainald of Dassel to reconstruct the Holy Roman Empire to return it to the glory days of Rome and exercise the authority that the Ottonian emperors had done. 1This battle for land was in essence a way to increase his revenues so he could keep what power he had in Germany over his most influential vassals, something his imperial court pursued vigorously. The authority over the Papal States in such a feudal system meant in theory he was ruler of Rome, but ever since the Commune directed against the papacy had been established in 1143 in Rome the debate had been vociferous and complicated. This would not only create a united and strong empire, it would also question the role of regalia in the papacy. This great design2 was declared openly to the church in 1158 with the Roncaglia decrees. The papacy was angry at this break from the Peace of Constance of 1153, (at which they had been allies) and his determination to exercise authority, especially in central and Northern Italy, proclaimed in the Roncaglia decrees. 3 The Roncaglia decrees proclaimed he would resume all regalia, entire power of Bannus; full exercise of jurisdiction over all matters affecting property, life and liberty. This antagonism, the papacy felt went against the authority of God since the church should have authority over everything, and it resulted in a break of the papal alliance and a schism amongst the church. The papacy highly opposed the independence of many Lombard cities and would not allow any increase in imperial power in Italy. 4 The emperor began his Italian policy swiftly, completing four campaigns into Italy in 1164 and supporting many imperial popes during the 1160s. Even earlier he had established imperial rule in Milan, during the time of Hadrian IV, with little opposition from the papacy5 but Milan found allies in the communes of Brescia and Piacenza. Milan was taken in 1162 and later destroyed which narrowed the anti-imperial coalitions prospect for success, while he forced Alexander III into exile and enthroned Paschal III, a German in St. Peters in 1167. 6 The opposition of the Papacy to the Italian policy began with the succession of Alexander III, the emperors most formidable opponent. The papacy had already found allies in the Lombard city of Milan after the Roncaglia Decrees. Imperial rule over Milan was quickly answered two years after Frederick had taken Milan 8when Manual I, the Byzantine emperor organised an opposition in Venice, the League of Verona with its allies Verona, Padua and Vicenza, including the Norman King. This proved to perhaps achieve the greatest success in opposing the Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa in Nor thern and Central Italy. The papacy went further in opposition under the politics of Alexander III by excommunicating the emperor after he established Paschal III as pope. The papacy then continued in its opposition in 1167 when the Imperial army was defeated outside Rome, by extending the League of Verona by allying itself into the Lombard League in 1167, while at the same time the pope contributed large sums of money. This proved to wreck many of Fredericks ambitions and gain support for the papacy. Alexander III gained the support of France and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, while in Denmark and Poland the remaining allies of the imperial pope were exiled. 10 A year later Alexander was able to establish the city of Alessandria with the help of the League. The city of Alessandria was to the emperor a symbol of papal achievement, and although efforts for settlement with the pope continued, the presence of the Lombard League was something the emperor could not allow during peace. The Italian policy again prevaile d with the fifth campaign in 1174 against Alessandria. The emperor again faced defeat and was able to make peace in Montebello with the League, but the Italian policy once again got in the way when Frederick could not accept the inclusion of Alexander III in the peace. Fredericks stubbornness in following his Italian policies (even in opposition to the papacy) however was weakened and a small success was granted to Alexander. The battle of Legnano in 1176 resulted in a near complete destruction of the imperial supremacy in Italy and convinced the emperor to reconcile with the pope. 1 Negotiations at Anagni achieved a far reaching settlement 12 between emperor and pope. The emperor was forced to renounce the Matildine lands and ally with Alexander. He granted some independence to the cities he controlled in Italy and accepted the role of overlord. At this stage the Italian policies of Frederick had failed and the papacy was triumphant. The new relations with the pope had not destroyed the Italian policy, but had instead ended this period of conflict in the Peace of Venice in 1177. Compromise was the aim of both Pope and emperor at the Peace of Venice. Frederick gave up his idea of domination of Italy in return he remained in control of the German church, evidence that the papacy was not as successful in exercising the idea of a papal monarchy and that much strain had been put on its authority over this period. 13 Peace with the Lombard league and Norman King however was not entirely a defeat of the Italian policy, it had taken away much of the authority of Fredericks in Northern Italy but it had left him the authority of the German church, although this was not in Italy it meant the papacy was back where it started. Fredericks policy became focused on the Matildine lands and central Italy. The Peace was broken when Frederick continued his Italian policy in the 1180s; it was the price of silence over many issues (at the treaty of Venice) which were to give rise to the troubles. 14 Frederick revenged the battle of Legnano in 1180 which was later followed by the peace of Constance in 1183. 15 The Peace of Constance meant Frederick was forced to allow the members of the League to have extensive constitutional independence within the city walls and the city territory. But Fredericks rights which could make large financial profits within the city remained. However with the death of Alexander in 1181 there followed a line of passive popes who complied with the emperor during his last Italian campaign (118-6) thus strengthening his influence in Lombardy. By 1189 compromise was again on the table and the papacy was granted a number of places in the Patrimony of St. Peter, reestablishing the area around Rome as a Papal domain. The papacy was left surrounded at the death of Frederick Barbarossa in 1190 when his son Henry VI became engaged to the heiress of the Norman Kingdom of Southern Italy. Frederick still held administrative power in some parts of central Italy but his Italian policy had failed. The Italian policy had failed because it did not answer the question of ecclesiastical versus imperial authority. Frederick Barbarosssas plans of supreme domination over the entire Holy Roman empire were not achieved, but though he yielded much of what he wished to gain it is not to say either that the papacy was entirely successful. ) It had radically altered the place of the papacy in the church16 and left the Holy Roman emperors successors with many claims unanswered. The hard line of Alexander III had not been continued and the emperor was left for sometime unopposed. The Lombard communes can be recognised as the real reason the papacy emerged successful 17 but still the papacy had the future to deal with, a future that found them surrounded by the Holy Roman Emperors authority. Both the emperor and the Papacy paid the price of conflict, but the Papacy was successful enough to immobilise the Italian Policy of Frederick Barbarossa.

Minnesota v Dickerson essays

Minnesota v Dickerson essays Jurisdiction _____________________________________ 1 Statement of the Case ____________________________ 1-7 Question Presented _______________________________ 7-8 Summary of Argument ______________________________ 8-11 Analysis of Issue 1 ______________________________ 11-12 Analysis of Issue 2 ______________________________ 13-14 Conclusion _______________________________________ 14-15 Arizona vs. Hicks, 480 U.S 321 (1987) Illinois vs. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765 (1983) Michigan vs. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 n. 16 (1983) Texas vs. Brown, 460 U.S. 730 (1983) The Minnesota Supreme Court found the respondent Timothy Dickerson guilty of the possession of cocaine. The Minnesota Court of Appeals reversed the decision. The Supreme Court of the United States of America granted certiorari and found that contraband detected through touch shall be admissible in court. This was affirmed on June 7, 1993. On the night of November 9, 1989 two Minneapolis law enforcement officers were patrolling an area on the citys north side in a marked squad car. At 8:15 p.m. one of the patrolling police officers noticed the defendant, Timothy Dickerson, leaving a twelve-unit apartment building on Morgan Avenue North. This particular officer had often responded to calls from this building in the past regarding different drug violations. The building had notoriously been referred to as a crack house and this is partially why the officers assumed there were illegal actions occurring when the respondent was leaving the location. According to information released at the time of the trial, the defendant was walking toward the police officers vehicle when he suddenly changed direction and began running away from where they were parked. The officers began to watch him suspiciously and observed his actions while he walked down a quiet and empty alley. The officers suspected that the defendant was involved in some type of dru...

How Many People Get a 34, 35, 36 on the ACT Score Breakdown

How Many People Get a 34, 35, 36 on the ACT Score Breakdown SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We know that 36 is the best possible score on the ACT and that any score in the 30s is considered very good. But how good is a top score of 34, 35, or 36? And how many students earn these scores every year? In this post, we break down just how rare those top scores are and how many students get them each year. Learn how you can stand out in the application process with a top score- and how to raise your ACT score to get there. How Many Test Takers Get Top 1% ACT Scores? To do this analysis, we use the latest report from ACT, Inc., for the class of 2018, who took the ACT as sophomores, juniors, and seniors. If you want to read more ACT score statistics,you can check out the report yourself. In the class of 2018, 1,914,817 students took the ACT.The average composite score was 20.8 out of 36(for more onhow the ACT is scored,read our article). This means that a score of 21 or higher puts you above average. But if we consider 21 and up good scores (since they’re above average), what would qualify as an amazing score? To find out, let's look at ACT percentiles- the rankings tied to composite scores. For example, a 90thpercentile score means you scored higher than 90% of test takers. On the ACT, 34 and up is the 99th percentile. So if you score 34 or higher, you’re in the top 1% of test takers! But exactly how many students earned a 33, 34, 35, or 36 in 2018? And which score is the rarest? Let's take a look: Score # of Students Percentage of All Test Takers 36 3,741 0.195% 35 14,928 0.780% 34 21,836 1.140% 33 26,930 1.406% Source:ACT.org Unsurprisingly, a perfect 36 is the rarest score of all- just 0.195% of all test takers earned a perfect ACT score. Roughly four times more students earned the next-highest score of 35. However, it’s still a very rare score that just 0.780% of test takers earned. Note that about six times more students earned a 34 than they did a 36. You can now see why 36 is so impressive- even among top scorers, such a score really sets students apart, particularly for the most competitive schools. How Many Test Takers Get Top 10% ACT Scores? From our article on ACT percentiles, you can learn that getting a 29 or higher means you are in the top 10% of scorers. So if 22 and up is good, and 33 and up is incredible, a score of 29 or higher would qualify as a great score. The breakdowns for ACT scores between 29 and 32 are as follows: Score # of Students Percentile 32 31,625 98 31 37,150 97 30 43,824 94 29 47,187 91 Source: ACT.org Note that, just like with the very top scores, the higher your ACT score gets, the rarer it is.You can probably see why raising your ACT score by just a few points can have such a big impact on your admission chances! Because admissions is all about comparing you with other applicants, the more unique you can make yourself, the better your chances of getting in will be. And the higher your ACT score is, the rarer it is! By How Much Should You Improve Your ACT Score? We know just how impressive top 10% ACT scores are, and how rare top 1% scores are. But what kind of score should you aim for? Should everyone go for a 36? By far the best way to figure out what ACT score to shoot for is to consider the average scores of admitted applicants to the schools you're applying to.Do this, and you'll be able to see exactly how high of an ACT score you'll need to get to help you stand apart from the crowd. Check out our in-depth guide for more tips on how to set an ACT goal score. That said, there are some general guidelines you should follow. Of course, you can always aim for perfection, but these goals are manageable and give all students a competitive ACT score. Here's what we recommend: If you have a score in the teens,work to get your score to at least 22. This will put you in the top half of test takers and really give a boost to your college applications. If you have a score in the low to mid-20s (22-27), although you're above average, retake the ACT and try to get 29.Getting to the top 10% of scorers canopen up a lot of scholarship opportunities. It'll also make your college applications that much more impressive, opening doors at selective colleges. If you have 29 or higher, raising your score by even just 2 or 3 points can give a huge boost to your percentile ranking. For example, going from just 29 to 31 takes you from the 91st to the 97thpercentile. Likewise, going from 30 to 33 takes you from the 94th to the 99th percentile- or from the top 6% to the top 1% of test takers! Once you get to 33 and up, you're inIvy League and competitive college territory.Again, a gain of just a few points on the ACT can make a big difference in your admission chances! But how feasible are these score increases? The truth is, it’s definitely possible to raise your ACT composite, as long as you study regularly and focus on your weak areas.Do this, and you could very well go from 17 to 25, 20 to 28, or even 25 to 35. For example, say you really struggled with plane geometry on your first round of the ACT and didn’t get any of these questions correct. Since plane geometry accounts for around 20% of all math problems, it has a big impact on your score. Don't let these types of questions keep you from getting a high score! (You can take official ACT practice testsif you want to see the kinds of questions the ACT asks, by the way.) Now, imagine your Math score was 23. If you work on plane geometry to fill in your content gap, even if you got just five more questions right, you could get a final Math score of 26. If you get all the plane geometry questions right this time and everything else stays the same, you could get a 28 on ACT Math! This says nothing of how your score could improve if you work on other content weaknesses, your pacing, and your test-taking strategies, too. If you can identify your weaknesses and work on fixing them, it’s not hard at all to improve your ACT composite score by several points! 4 Tips for Raising Your ACT Score Since you now have a clear idea as to the number of points you need in order to reach your ACT goal score, let's go over some helpful tips to help you raise your score. #1: Focus On Your Weaknesses As we discussed briefly above, focusing on your biggest content weaknesses and skills should be one of your top priorities as you prep for the ACT. To fix your weak points, you'll need to do the following: Attack more practice problems in your areas of weakness. Having ample quality materials with which to practice will give you more opportunities to hone your skills. Devote more time to your weak spots than you do to the skills and question types you're already comfortable with. This way you won't waste time going over the concepts you already know. Analyze your mistakesas well as any patterns in your mistakes. One good way to do this is to keep an errors journal in which you note all the errors you made on practice questions, what the right answers were, and how you were supposed to solve them. Do all of this and you'll not only figure out what you're weak in but also how you can shift your approach toward these types of ACT problems to help you score more points. #2: Practice Pacing Yourself Don't expect to raise your score if you don't know how to properly pace yourself. Learning how to use your time wisely is a major part of doing well on the ACT. As you likely already know, each section is timed differently; thus, the time you'll get per question willvary depending on the section. Here is an overview of the time you'll have per section and per question on the ACT: Section # of Questions Time per Section Time per Question English 75 45 minutes 36 seconds Math 60 60 minutes 60 seconds Reading 40 35 minutes 52.5 seconds Science 40 35 minutes 52.5 seconds Writing (Optional) 1 essay 40 minutes 40 minutes You'll have the longest amount of time per question on the Math section, and the shortest amount of time per question on the English section. Typically, you don't want to spend more than this average time per question on any one question. However, if you're not aiming for a perfect score, you should be able to guess on at least a few questions in each section without it heavily affecting your score. #3: Learn Key Test-Taking Strategies There are tons of strategies you should know before you take the ACT. These tips teach you things such as the following: How to approach and understand questions fast How to effectively use the information you're given How to guess on a question to give yourself the best chance of getting it right Our guide to the top ACT test-taking strategies goes over some of the most helpful tips to know for test day. Briefly, though, here are a few of the most important ones: How to use the process of elimination When to plug in answers and plug in numbers on Math problems How to read passages on Reading, English, and Science #4: Take Full-Length Practice Tests If you're not taking full-length ACT practice tests, get to it. ACT, Inc., offers five free practice tests you can download as PDFs.I suggest sticking mainly with official tests as these are guaranteedto give you a highly realistic test-taking experience. What's more, they're all free! In terms of prep, try to space out your practice tests throughout your ACT study plan. Take one at the beginning of your study schedule to get your baseline score (the score you start with before engaging in any prep), and then take the others intermittently throughout your study plan. You'll essentiallyuse practice tests to determine your weaknesses and strengths. Make sure to take each test in a quiet room to give you a realistic experience. Also, time yourself in accordance with the official ACT time limits described above; doing this will raise your stamina so that you don't run out of energy on the actual test! What’s Next? Learn more about how the ACT is scored so you can develop target raw scores for whatever your scoring goal is. Want to get a perfect score yourself? Get tips from our ACT 36 full scorer on studying.Even if you're not aiming for a perfect 36, this article will give you the skills you need to raise your score. Read more about the highest possible ACT score of 36 and just how rare it is. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

John Gotti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John Gotti - Essay Example Gotti was short tempered and easily angered. Gotti always wanted to be a gangster as he saw them in his neighborhood everyday. His first step towards this was when he joined local mobsters along with his brothers. He quit school at fifteen and joined a teenage gang, Fulton-Rockaway Boys. Gotti was arrested five times between 1957 and 1961. John Gotti's criminal career started with the Gambino family with fencing stolen goods from the John F. Kennedy International Airport then known as Idlewild Airport. In 1978 in the month of February Gotti was arrested for the United hijacking and two months later while Gotti was on bail he was arrested a third time for hijacking a cargo of cigarettes worth $50,000. He was later found accountable for the Northwest hijacking and was sent to Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary to serve four years in jail. After his release he returned back to his old crew and started working for capo regime Carmine Fatico, who was charged of loan sharking and made Gotti capo of the Bergin Crew, he was accountable to Aniello Dellacroce and Carlo Gambino. Paul Castellano was declared the head of the family after Gambino's death; however he did not earn the respect of his subordinates.