The Application Of Operant Learning - 909 Words

Jane Tien Thuy Nguyen Professor Shaun Vecera Section 18 Elementary Psychology 05 October 2014 The Application of Operant Learning Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are two completely different forms of learning. Classical conditioning, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, is associated with learning through the process in which one reacts to a neutral stimulus. This process involves matching a neutral stimulus to a stimulus (UCS) that produces an unconditioned response (UCR), or a reflex, for a long period of time. Over time, the UCS would be removed and the person being manipulated would start reacting to the previously neutral stimulus, thus becoming a conditioned, or learned, stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR). Operant conditioning, on the other hand, is a form of learning where one’s behavior is manipulated by the outcome. The consequences would take a toll on one’s behavior and would either increase-- through reinforcement--or decrease-- by punishment-- the likelihood of the behavior happening again. Both reinforcement and punishment are split into two types: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement and positive punishment involves controlling one’s behavior, whatever the case may be, by presenting a certain stimulus. Negative reinforcement and negative punishment eradicate a stimulus to increase or decrease behavior. The differences seen between operant conditioning and classical conditioning are apparent. In classical conditioning, theShow MoreRelatedThe Behavior Of Organisms, An Experimental Analysis Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesdefines behaviour as follows, â€Å"Behaviour is what an organism is doing or more accurately what it is observed by another organism to be doing.† (Skinner, 1938). While classical conditioning is passive, operant conditioning requires the learner to actively â€Å"operate† on their environment. Therefore, operant conditioning mainly relies on the learner making voluntary responses, for example, pushing the buttons on a TV remote to select a desired channe l. In Skinner’s experiment, the learner was a white ratRead MoreBandura s Theory Of Self Efficacy And Skinners Theory975 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion of Adult Learning Theory The two theories that will be discussed in this paper are Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy and Skinners theory of operant conditioning. An overview of both theories will be analyzed. Then, both theories will be compared and contrasted. Finally, professional application of these theories will be discussed. 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In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one anotherRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagespeople may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organismRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1212 Words   |  5 PagesOperant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid the red button. TheRead MoreOperant Conditioning : Voluntary Behavior Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesOnil Trinidad Psych 11 Dr. Mcspadden Operant Conditioning Voluntary behavior is a result of a learning process which is commonly referred to as â€Å"Operant Conditioning.† According to the American Psychological Association, operant conditioning is â€Å"Learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences† (Allyn Para#8). In simpler terms, operant conditioning is the explanation for voluntary behavior, which can reoccur or diminish, depending if the consequence isRead MoreClassic Behavioristic Principles of Psychology Developed by B.F. Skinner1372 Words   |  6 Pagesadvancing an understanding of basic psychological processes and to the applications of science-based interventions to problems of individual and social importance.† He contributed to â€Å"human and nonhuman behavior, including human behavioral development, and to various segments of the life span, including human infancy† (p. 1411). One of Skinners greatest scientific discoveries was â€Å"single reinforcem ent† which became sufficient for â€Å"operant conditioning, the role of extinction in the discovery of intermittentRead MoreSkinners Operant Conditioning Theory Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesSkinners Operant Conditioning Theory B.F Skinner (1904-1990), an American psychologist who was the leading exponent of the school of psychology know as behaviourism, maintained the idea that learning is a result of any change in overt behaviour. Changes in behaviour are determined by the way an individual responds to events (stimuli) in the environment. Skinner described this phenomenon as operant conditioning. Action on part of the learner is called a response. WhenRead MoreOperant Conditioning : History And Application Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesOperant Conditioning Never Goes Out of Style: The History and Application of Operant Conditioning Since the beginning of time people have wanted to control others behaviors and this want is still prevalent in the world. One way people can achieve this is through operant conditioning. Experiments that worked with controlling behavior by awarding or removing a reinforcement or punishment were conducted over one hundred years ago (Chance 1999). Unlike some psychological theories that become irrelevantRead MoreStudents Attitudes And Behaviors Towards Learning And Managing A Classroom1508 Words   |  7 Pagesare indubitably facing many challenges regarding their students’ attitudes and behaviours towards learning and managing a classroom. Teachers have an important role to play in creating a positive classroom environment that is conducive to learning, keeping their students engaged and motivated to learn. There are many factors that contribute to a students’ level of interest and engagement in learning and teachers have little control over these factors (Lumsden, 1994). Teachers can influence student

Life of Pi - Maslows Hierarchy of Needs - 1979 Words

Pi On Top of the Pyramid The meaning of life is a topic questioned by many. One might think of our job on earth as a journey to reach our individual full potential. Abraham Maslow was one of those people. Knowing that motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied needs he created a concept called the Hierarchy of Needs. This concept was expressed as one of the many themes throughout the novel, Life of Pi, Yann Martel asks the reader to reflect on life itself; we are forced to become aware of what we are truly capable of as human beings. We must understand ourselves and the various types of motivation that induce specific behaviors. We must understand our desires, which will lead us on the course to self actualization. Pi†¦show more content†¦However as the time went on he realized he had to take certain risks compromising his safety in order to survive while he knows that they could have negative outcome, favoring his id. Desperation challenged his integrity and thought process however it pai d off Oh, the delight of the manufactured good, the man-made device, the created thing! That moment of material revelation brought an intensity of pleasure -- a heady mix of hope, surprise, disbelief, thrill gratitude, all crushed into one †¦ I was positively giddy with happiness. (p 205) Here Pi finds the much hoped for safety supply locker and obtains a spiritual uplifting and confidence boost. Although Pi had now satisfied the first level of needs and has created a certain amount of safety he was still stranded in the ocean. It is then that Pi came to terms with the fact that both humans and animals are territorial creatures so he established parameters within the boat which ultimately satisfied the need for safety to the best of his abilities. As the first two levels are completed Pi has a lot of time to reflect on other things, things less basic then the fundamentals of life. Alone, stranded in the middle of the ocean Pi began to think of his loved ones. Some people believe that the animals in the lifeboat embodied certain characteristics that represent their human counterparts which served Pi as aShow MoreRelatedMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Life of Pi733 Words   |  3 PagesBy looking at Life of Pi by Yann Martel, one can see that an individual has a limit to how much physical and emotional strain they can endure before they are forced to resort to doubting their beliefs and values, and when they are forced into isolation, may become mentally unstable and create their own version of reality. Martel portrays this idea best through the main character, Piscine Patel, otherwise known as Pi. Pi unwillingly embarks on a strenuous voyage in the Pacific Ocean in a lifeboatRead MoreMaslow’s Hierarchy of N eeds and Yann Martel’s Life of Pi1430 Words   |  6 Pagesa time in point of life when you’re stuck in a hiccup and you have to do whatever it takes to overcome the obstacles. In the Life of Pi, Pi undergoes many obstacles and he has to test the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to be able to survive. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of five levels such as: Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem, and Self Actualization. Does Pi have what it takes to overcome these obstacles by using the five levels of hierarchy? Life of Pi by Yann Martel, tellsRead MoreThe Role of Abraham Maslow in Life of Pi by Yann Martel1685 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on esteem, love and other social needs†(McLeod). Pi, the novel’s protagonist, moves through the very same motivational levels that Abraham Maslow identifies in his landmark psychological studies. 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In the book, The Life of Pi the five sections in the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs; Physiological; Safety; Love/ Belonging; Esteem; and Self-actualization are demonstrated. Once Pi is on the lifeboat, his main focus is food and water, as he needs both of these to survive. He is in the physiological stage. He has to ignore his morals because according to the hierarchy, a person cannot focus on a higher level before the one beforeRead MoreHow Faith Influences Life and its Path1227 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the world, faith is an influential bond between mortal and immortal, which strengthens and fulfills one’s aspirations in life. I fully believe that one’s belief is important to their lifestyle, morals and experiences to enhance a connection with their God(s). Some people may ask, â€Å"How does faith affect one’s path?† and Shulman (2014) argues that Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs could not reach some of even the basic levels without faith. 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A Planning process group B Executing process group C Monitoring and controlling process group D Closing process group 2 Which one of the following statements expresses the difference between quality and grade?    A HighRead MoreConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 Pagesmeasure   the   emotional   intelligence   quotient   (also   called   the   emotional   quotient)   of   participants  were  also  conducted  and  demographic  data  of  the  participants  was  gathered.            Customer  service  staff  are  suggested  to  identify  the  real  needs  of  customers  through  the  use   of   the   concepts   of   emotional   intelligence   and   conflict   formation.      Customer   service   staff   should  apply  the  appropriate  conflict  management  strategy  with  due  regard  to  the  impact  of   emotional  intellige

Heart of Darkness - by Joseph Conrad free essay sample

A look at two different viewpoints of Conrads novel, The Heart of Darkness. In Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, there is an impression that Conrad is trying to convey. To some this may not appear to be as evident because his meaning is deeper than what is on the surface. Many critics of the novel note that the techniques that Conrad uses cause him to obscure his true intentions. Some of those who analyze his writing feel that the way he describes the Africans and the ways the Europeans treated them are explicitly racist. Conrad was ultimately trying to present us to the nature of the comparisons by which the whites act towards the blacks and not to demean the Africans. He puts his focus on the white mans attack of colonialism on the Africans residing along the Congo. The use of many actual events makes this more of a story of enormity rather than entertaining. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

West Coast Jazz

Introduction In the 1950s and the 1960s a new form of jazz music was invented in Los Angeles. It was referred to as West Coast jazz and it primarily developed as a variation of cool jazz (a type of modern jazz that grew up during the Second World War period). The music was also seen as an evolution of bop jazz though it contained some aspects of swing that had overtime been discarded or summarily overlooked. Most of the recordings in the genre were characterized by a heavy arrangement of the music which usually came with a formal composition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on West Coast Jazz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there were experimental tracks that had success with audiences and which ended up being classified under West Coast jazz. This essay seeks to analyze the development of West Coast jazz as well as to evaluate the appropriateness of the names allotted to this genre of music. To this end v arious forms of literature, both electronic and print, shall be consulted in order to provide a proper scholarly background to the discussion. The evolution of jazz leading to the birth of West Coast jazz In the period following the end of WWII, jazz as an independent genre of music went through intense transformations. This went in tandem with the other socio-cultural changes, including the birth of the civil rights movement, that were taking place in the post-war era. Around this time jazz broke down into the bop, Hard Bop and Cool sub-genres[1]. Of even more importance is that with this split, jazz also acquired classification into two camps-the West Coast and the East Coast. Musicians from the two coastal camps also relied on two particular record labels-one from each camp-to do most of their tracks. The Los Angeles Pacific Jazz label handled the West Coast musicians while the Blue Note Records produced the East Coast jazz[2]. The West Coast jazz was mainly identified by a relax ing sound as compared to its Eastern counterpart which was faster and had more intensity. It had some kind of laid back swing touch to it and most of the followers of the style commonly referred to it as cool jazz. This sound was easy to the ears and it had the effect of giving the listener a relaxed feeling. The West Coast Sound was easily accessible to the public and as it received immense airplay in Los Angeles radio stations and clubs. Aside from the differences in sound between the West coast and the East Coast jazz, there were basic racial elements of distinction between the two sub-genres[3]. West Coast jazz was mainly Caucasian-led while the East Coast had a distinct African-American composition and following. Music by West Coast musicians such as Curtis Amy and Teddy Edwards had some a characteristic gospel touch whose origin could be traced all the way to Africa[4]. The entry of West Coast jazz into the music scene was not sudden. This is because it mainly stemmed and evol ved from styles that had already established a presence in the United States. Even with its uniqueness, keen followers could easily tell that West Coast jazz was an amalgamation of various musical genres and sounds. The classification of the West Coast sound placed all musicians from the genre into one group and this had the eventual effect of establishing and maintaining harmony to the sound.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The swing period Before the advent of West Coast jazz the American musical scene was defined by two typical sounds; these were Big Band and Swing. A basic swing band was made up of a minimum of ten members, classified under the saxophone, the brass and the rhythm sections[5]. Proponents of the Swing sound from the West Coast included Stan Kenton, Woody Herman and Herb Geller[6]. Their music helped give solace to most people during the war period. Stan Kenton was a renowned pianist and his influence had a global aura to it. He was among the first individuals to experiment with the Big Band format as well as flirting with the pre-existing boundaries of Swing. His boldness was well received and he found admirers among many of the up-coming young talent. His involvement in modern music greatly influenced the changes happening to modern jazz, particularly in terms of performing with orchestra-type bands with some of them having more than forty members. The bands were well sectioned with a clear distinction between the wind and the string. This innovation marked the beginning of free jazz. Over the years, a number of musicians went through Kenton’s band and later parted to establish independent bands. However, they all credited Kenton as their discernible role model and key influence. Much later these Kenton students alongside other swing greats such as Wardell Gray invented two new jazz sub-genres; Bop and Cool[7]. Players in the West Coast post swing era Once the Second World War came to an end, most musicians found it necessary to embrace new styles of music. Many of them experimented with various combinations and son Bop and Cool were taking over the place of Swing. However, as other musicians were eager to embrace changes two artistes remained committed to Swing in its traditional form. These were Cy Touff and Bob Brookmeyer. Touff’s compositions touched on various themes established by various bandleaders in New Orleans. His music gave Swing jazz a vastly unique identity since it brought in elements from the Chicago music scene where the musician originally came from. Brookmeyer was born in Kansas City and was introduced to the music scene as a pianist in the army band. Later he picked up the trombone and found a place in various swing bands most notably playing alongside Woody Herman. In 1954 he linked up with Gerry Mulligan and Chet Baker to create a brand new sound. Even with his contribution to i nnovative sounds, Mulligan’s heart still remained with traditional Swing and this even led him to create the nostalgic album, Traditionalism Revisited. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on West Coast Jazz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The West Coast Bop As most of the West Coast Jazz musicians were experimenting with different elements of Bop and Cool, the counterparts from the East Coast decided to follow new musical paths leading to the advent of Hard Bop (sometimes referred to as Soul-Jazz). These musicians decided to break away from conventional music ties and played around with the space they were given. The Hard Bop movement was distinguishable by the input of guitarists Grant Green and George Benson, saxophonists Eddie Harris and Cannonball Aderly and Pianists Jimmy Smith and Horace silver[8]. Hard Bop found its primary following in the East Coast. However, there were a few musicians from the West C oast who embraced it fully. One of these artistes was Teddy Edwards who went against his region’s attachment to swing to work alongside Dexter Gordon to create the unique Los Angeles Bop. This was around the same time when the big bands that hitherto characterized the music scene were abandoned for solo performances. The birth of Cool jazz The entry of bop (also known as Bebop) heralded the decline of swing. This transformation mainly happened in the East Coast through the work of such musicians as Max Roach and Charlie Parker. As the East Coast was getting excited about the fast paced sounds and the stretched solos, the West Coast musicians were exploring harmonic possibilities through the integration of bop elements in their compositions to come u with the unique Cool sound. Cool  jazz was characterized by a combination of swing and various experiments with various chordal progressions. One of the musicians from the West Coast who had a primary hand in the development of Cool jazz was Dave Brubeck. Alongside East Coast’s Miles Davis, Brubeck released landmark recordings to mark the maturation of a new genre of jazz. The â€Å"Cool† movement found grounding in the Los Angeles jazz scene with most of the greatest Cool jazz musicians coming from the West Coast[9]. Below are some of the musicians who contributed to the popularization of the Cool style. Bill Perkins Bill Perkins was born in San Fransico but later relocated to Los Angeles where he did a stint in Stan Kenton’s band. He teamed up with fellow musicians from the West Coast including Bob Cooper and Jack Montrose to act as a primary head in the growth of the Cool sound. However, most of the popular Bill Perkin’s tracks are the ones he did with Kenton, with some of them being as popular today as they were during the time that they were originally released.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bud Shank Bud Shank was raised in Ohio and then relocated to California after dropping out from college. He performed with several bands, most of which broke up in their early days. During this time he managed to learn how to play the flute. This, coupled with his skill in the Saxophone gave him an edge against fellow instrument players. In between the period 1950 and 1951 he joined Stan Kenton’s band where he managed to make a name in the Cool genre of jazz music. Alongside Bob Cooper, Shank managed to give the oboe and the flute a place in jazz music. Jack Montrose Jack Montrose was born in Detroit Michigan but he moved to California during his teens[10]. Having graduated with a degree in music from the Los Angeles State College in the 1953, Montrose channeled his focus to music and his experimentation with different genres of music helped him make a name for himself as one of the most influential artistes in West Coast jazz[11]. Unfortunately for Jack, he became addicted t o heroine and most of the bands he played with found him a liability and cut him loose. He later underwent rehabilitation but by the time he was back in control, changes had taken place in the music scene and his style was no longer being appreciated. This is the reason why he is among the influential but forgotten heroes of West Coast jazz. West Coast Jazz Key musicians-Gerry Mulligan and Chet Baker The West Coast sound had very many followers. Saxophonist Gerry Mulligan and trumpeter Chet Baker, being the first musicians to work under the Pacific Jazz production level, turned out to be some of the most influential individuals in the development of the sound[12]. The entry of Mulligan into the music scene was some kind of defining moment as far as the West Coast movement was concerned. His contribution was greatly appreciated mainly because he was able to borrow from elements from East Coast owing to his constant contact with Miles Davis as well as drawing from his background as he originally came from New York. Chet Baker who originally came from Oklahoma also played a clear role in the development of the Pacific Jazz sound. The Mulligan-Baker influence on jazz scene was not initially anticipated primarily because the two were struggling artists when they first met. Mulligan had hitch hiked from New York while Baker had been a poor Dixieland trumpeter. However, it was instant chemistry when the duo created a clean swinging sound. Their immediate success was characterized by imitation by young musicians as well as by the migration in droves of musical talent into Los Angeles. The appropriateness of the geographical title â€Å"West Coast jazz† The tag West Coast jazz when identifying the particular type of jazz being performed in Los Angeles may not clearly present the intention of the branding. This is because the growth of jazz in the period after the Second World War depended on a fusion of styles from both the East and West Coasts. The title  "West Coast jazz† basically implies that the type of jazz being referred to originally sprang up in the regions around Los Angeles. However, as has been illustrated in this essay, the genre that is currently referred to as West Coast jazz was simply a combination of various jazz elements-some of which were primarily invented and popularized in the East Coast. Aside from this, most of the notable artists in the West Coast had roots from the East Coast and therefore brought in elements from their home regions into the Los Angeles Music Scene. As a matter of fact, it is definitely clear that West Coast jazz borrowed more from the East Coast as compared to what jazz in New York borrowed from the West Coast. However, it is without a doubt that both Coasts had their role to play in the music industry and most of them left their mark with their releases. Conclusion West Coast jazz was a fundamentally vibrant element of the United States music scene. However, because its advent happen ed around the time when more popular genres were developing in New York, this item of jazz development often tends to be overlooked. With the artists in New York following new directions when it came to jazz, those in Los Angeles chose to stick with the Swing from which they drew a number of closely related variations. However, it is definitely clear that both the New York and Los Angeles aspects of jazz growth had a significant effect in the general development of the genre. Both the East and West coasts produced exceptional performers whose impact continues to be felt in modern-day music. Reference List Gioia, T, West Coast jazz: Modern jazz in California, 1945-1960, University of California Press, California, 1998 Waters, K, H, Martin, Essential jazz: the first 100 years, Cengage Learning, Connecticut, 2008 Footnotes T, Gioia, West Coast jazz: Modern jazz in California, 1945-1960, University of California Press, California, 1998, p.176 Gioia, pp.56, 195-196 Gioia, p.52 K, Water s, H, Martin, Essential jazz: the first 100 years, Cengage Learning, Connecticut, 2008, p.169 Gioia, p.210 Waters Martin, p.87 Gioia, p.51 Waters Martin, p.167 Gioia, p.176 Gioia, p.295 ibid. Waters Martin, pp.160-161 This essay on West Coast Jazz was written and submitted by user Barracuda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.