A Comparison Of Concrete Steel And Timber Construction Essay

A Comparison Of Concrete Steel And Timber Construction Essay Composite construction is a method whereby a concrete floor slab is utilised as part of the beam system. The slab acts as a concrete flange to the beam. As the beam and slab are of different materials, the size of the concrete flange is scaled down using a modular ratio where the youngs modulus of steel is divided by the youngs modulus of concrete. When these two elements bend, the top of each element is in compression and the bottom in tension. Because the bottom of the concrete is in tension of the top of steel is in compression this causes shear along the interface of the two materials. To overcome this a steel stud is welded through the metal deck. The stud is designed to take the shear force. The composite system consists of a concrete slab cast on profiled steel decking acting compositely with glue-laminated timber beams. Composite action is achieved with coach screw shear connectors between the beams and slab. The connectors have been tested in push out shear tests and a three-point bend test of a full-scale floor slab has been completed. The composite system is more than three times as stiff and almost twice as strong as the same beam/slab configuration without composite action. Richard Persaud, Dr Digby Symons The Structural Engineer 21 February 2006 Euro codes are a full set of structural design codes for building and civil engineering that used across Europe to open up trade boundaries allowing designers, and manufacturers to supply designs and products to other countries across the continent. Conceived over 30 years ago, the Eurocodes are now landing on the desks of engineers, and are expected to be fully adopted in 2010. For this reason, the Eurocodes were used for the design comparisons. In 2004, The Steel Construction Institute published a study comparing the costs and construction programme of various methods of steelwork and concrete framing solutions that reflect modern construction techniques to determine which is the most cost effective. The study looked at two types of buildings, costing and programming each of them. The study also looked at other aspects of the building, which can be affected by the choice of framing solution such as foundations, external elevation treatments and mechanical/electrical services. The study was motivated by the Egan report, which looked at the construction industry and how to lower costs. The report encourages offsite construction to improve speed and quality on site. People are starting to use tree planting as a way of offsetting carbon emissions. This is because of trees absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. One of the problems is that once a tree reaches maturity it stops absorbing CO2, then the next problem is when it dies and decays it starts to release CO2 back into the atmosphere. One solution round this is to store the carbon in materials, by using the timber as a construction material. The way in which timber is used us also key in reducing CO2 emissions. Timber should be dried before it can be used as a material, and it must be. One method is by kiln drying. Kiln drying is an artificial method of drying the timber by heating it up and in turn using fossil fuels, emitting CO2. This defeats the point of the object. The sustainable alternative is to allow the timber to dry naturally under cover. The ideal situation would be for people to use natural unaltered timber and design buildings within its limitations. However, due to human nature and the endeavour to improve, we are going to build higher and wider buildings that are filled with more objects and fewer supports. For this reason, we must come up with more innovative and sustainable solutions to overcome these challenges. We must harness timbers ability to lock CO2 into its structure and adopt methods to manipulate its properties. One of these engineered lumbers is Glue Laminated Timber, commonly abbreviated to Glulam in the industry. Timber in the UK as a building material is widely used, but not so much as for major building components such as beams and columns. In our history, we used to use great oak timbers for roofs and beams, but due to time it takes to grow these massive timbers, it was not long until demand outstripped supply. Moving into the 21st Century with the use of high strength glues, we are able to utilise fast growing tree species and mechanically bonded the timbers to form sizes and strengths that rival the oak timbers. These mechanically glued timbers are referred to as Glued Laminated Timber, which has been abbreviated to Glulam. In sustainability, the social impact on an area cannot be discussed without also discussing the environment and economics. The introduction of an industry can create an economic wealth for the local population that can lift certain areas out of poverty. This can be balanced against the environmental impact on the are by such industries. Industries can create noise and vibration, dust, local climate, ecology, soils, heritage, and archaeology as a by-product of the manufacturing process. Initially I thought that the timber would have a great depth of construction as compared to steel. The depth of steel beams were indeed shallower than the timber beams but because the steel beams require a concrete slab needs to span from beam to beam, the overall construction depth of the steel beam plus the slab is only marginally shallower than the overall timber floor construction. The shallowest overall floor construction is of the concrete flat slab because you do not require a beam as such; the slabs span directly to the columns.

Jade Peony

Belonging When someone is said to be Canadian, it does not just mean being one who lives on this land, or has lived on this land long enough to obtain this citizenship, it means living the Canadian life, it means waking up in the morning wearing a ton of layers and going outside in the freezing cold to do whatever a person needs to do during the day, to be Canadian it also means to belong. Canada is known for the diversity of culture, religion, color, and beliefs, as well as our ability to be able to create a status acceptable to everyone, making Canada, despite our individual diversity and differences, to be united as one. However, what we don’t realize is that Canada has not always been this way; this is the perspective that Wayson Choy expresses through his novel â€Å"The Jade Peony†. His text and word play emphasizes on a world so unknown, yet so important to not only our history, but to our understanding of what our ancestors of our various ethnic origins fought through every day of their lives to create the world in which every day we take for granted. Where he lays his emphasis on our history is not from the point of view of the adult, but through the eyes of the children who, today, are our fathers and grandfathers. Divided into three major chapters, Wayson Choy begins the narration of his history through the eyes of Jook-Laing, a five year old beautiful girl of Chinese origin born in Canada after her family immigrated to Canada. Isolation is slowly starting to become a major theme in the novel, not only created by the Canadian Government, but by her very own family. The Canadian Government in the 1940's, the time period the novel takes place, created harsh laws against immigrants, making it near impossible to live happily: one was never to leave the household, as immigrants must live within the same household even when one becomes married, as well as harsh laws on illness, where, if one were to become sick with any illness- even as innocent as a cold- if the government found out, â€Å"The Vancouver Health Inspection Board†¦ posted on our front door, a sign boldly visible from the street: condemned† (p. 32). However, Jook-Laing's family's old heritage and Chinese beliefs create the deepest isolation as they shun the idea of traditional Canadian society, where Poh-Poh, elder and Jook-Laing's Grandmother, describes this life as â€Å"poison to young China girl-child† (p. 17). Jook-Laing's young and highly dream-filled spirit inspires her to dream of the perfect world- a perfect world she never gives up on as play and her â€Å"movie-star daydreams† (p. 37) have caused her heart to grow and know that, deep, inside, Canada is a better place than China, no matter what Poh-Poh says to her about her heritage. However, despite her strong instinct, conflict arises as person versus person/society is introduced when her powerful instinct and her Grandmother's words â€Å"You not Canada. You never Canada. You China. Always war in China† (p. 37) make her isolated from becoming her own person and trapping her in a world she knows is not true to her heart. As a major authority figure of the household, Poh-Poh is never corrected or disagreed with, causing Jook-Laing to feel alone in her internal battle between what she is told and her faith in Canada. Further, Jook-Laing, along with her other two step-brothers, are strongly looked down upon by their strict, old heritage grandmother, who constantly reminds them of her feelings towards them: â€Å"This useless only-granddaughter wants to be Shirlee Tem-po-lah; the useless Second Grandson wants to be cow-boy-lah. The First Grandson wants to be Charlie Chan. All stupid foolish! † (p. 40). With Poh-Poh's interrogance towards her grandchildren's play, it creates further isolation from the norm of society and themselves, along with isolation from their desire to be a child. Despite her Grandmother beginning to shape the role of the antagonist of the story, Jook-Laing makes a deep connection with an old family friend, Mau-lauh Bak, who not only understands the importance of play, but embraces and cherishes Jook-Laing for her ability to be free in a world so sour towards them. that connects Jook-Laing to the theme of belonging. The second part of the story speaks about Jung-Sum, the kid who was adopted due to the fact that his parents have died from a young age â€Å"I TAKE CARE OF MY SELF’ (p. 2). Jung also starts off in the novel isolation for as he doesn’t want his new family to take care of him. But Jung started to box and that is where he found a sense of belonging. Sek- Lung also fell into the same isolation theme from Canada and as well from his family, he was in belief that Poh-Poh was still coming to visit after she had died, and the whole family did not believe the fact, that’s when Sekky fell into the same pattern of isola tion. But it was Sekky that had the most sense of belonging to Canada towards the end of the book, because Canada is a multicultural community there is all kinds of races that live in this great country, and Sekky was a big hater of the Japanese â€Å"I have to remember they are the enemy† (p. 189) but when he meets Meiying, and she introduces him to Kaz her Japanese boyfriend, he gets to like him. This shows that the world revolves around hate but once you get to know people, a person’s perspective might change. Sekky finally found his belonging in Canada.

Embryonic Stem Cells for Research- Right or Wrong

Embryonic Stem Cells for Research- Right or Wrong There have been a lot of controversies regarding the latest stem cell research in recent days. People have been publishing a lot about this issue and it is all over the media lately. It has aggregated some religious groups in the world and they have been very stern towards the issue.Here is my point of view regarding this issue: Unlike other cells in our body, each of which is specialized to perform a particular function, Stem cells are characterized by the ability to renew themselves by the mitosis division and differentiate in to a diverse range of specialized cells types thereby offering medical treatment to wide range of debilitating diseases. This new area of biotechnology seems to be a major breakthrough with the same potential to change the health care as the discovery of antibiotics more than 70 years ago which gave hope to millions.But unfortunately this radical area of biology has fraught with ethical issues and controversie s which had made the process of development slow. There are two sources for obtaining stem cells, one from the layer of cells of embryo in the blast cyst stage, these are called the embryonic stem cells and the other from the adult tissues called the adult stem cells. When the stem cells are retracted from the embryo, the embryo is completely destroyed. This is where the controversies begin. According to the critics, extracting stem cells from the embryo is like killing, it is a murder. In fact some religions in the world strictly prohibit it.But I think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. It is for the betterment of the humans and very beneficial for the society. As I feel that these stem cells have been used to save human lives and has enormous benefits. This stem cell therapy is used for the treatment of various dreadful diseases like Parkinson disease, diabetes, Alzheimer etc which does not have any cure even in the recent days. This stem cell therapy is considered to be better than organ transplant which gives rise to various infections. Moreover it also give rise to other issues like availability of the donors, tissue rejection etc.Immunosuppressant drugs are given to the patients in to have under gone transplant making them more vulnerable to other infectious diseases. Hence embryonic stem cells have significant medical potential and can lead to numerous social advantages. Other alternatives to embryonic stem cells are adult stem cells which are found in the normal differentiated tissues in the human body and therefore are very hard to extract. Also they are less effective as compared to the embryonic stem cells Embryo is the stage in very first few weeks of the pregnancy.That is the time when even heart of the baby hasn’t been transformed. Many people feel that embryos are not equivalent to human life as they can’t still swim out of the womb, so using them can’t be called killing. So I feel that killing something that is bar ely alive in order to save numerous human lives is justifiable. Therefore according to me, embryonic stem cells should be allowed for research purposes as they possess many advantages and can lead to major breakthroughs in the future. Who knows the word organ- transplant would just be history. by Makkiya Amanullah, Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Saying There Were in Spanish

Saying There Were in Spanish How do you say there were? Should you use habà ­a?  You may have  seen people on the Internet use habà ­an. Correct Uses of Habia and Habian Undoubtedly thats true. But youve also heard people in English use the word aint and use grammatically questionable sentences such as everybody should do their best and it dont matter. Yet youre unlikely to see textbooks use them as examples. In teaching grammar, most textbooks and this site place their emphasis on what is considered standard speech used by educated speakers. In practice, they tend to be even more conservative than that, using as examples what educated speakers use in formal writing. As a general rule in both Spanish and English, probably all languages, formal writing is more grammatically precise than spontaneous speech. To use the example you gave, almost all textbooks will tell you that the singular form of haber is used for both singular and plural contexts when haber is used existentially, that is, with meanings such as there are, there will be or there were. Thus the same word, hay, is used to mean there is and there are in sentences such as hay una silla (there is one chair) and hay tres sillas (there are three chairs). The rule is invariably followed in the present indicative; thus hay means either there is or there are. However, in practice the rule isnt always followed in the other tenses, especially in speech and casual writing, although usage varies by region. Thus it isnt unusual to hear or read sentence constructions such as habà ­an tres aviones (there were three airplanes) or habrn dos elecciones (there will be two elections), to use examples from recent Latin American news articles. As a foreigner, youre best off knowing and using the standard grammar until youre in an area long enough to pick up the local language peculiarities. Although habà ­an is far from a major grammatical offense, to use a nonstandard usage in an area where it isnt the norm could make you sound miseducated or excessively informal.

Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essays

Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essays Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essay Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essay Prison Systems CJS/230 March 28, 2010 Axia College of the University of Phoenix In the United States of America, there are several different types of incarceration facilities that criminal offenders, both convicted and accused my end up. The two most distinguishable different facilities post-conviction are the state prison systems and the federal bureau of prisons. These units house a wide array of criminals, from the lowest of low scum to the high profile â€Å"Hannibal Lector† types. The range of crimes is equally different, from sexual offences and aggravated murder charges all of the way down to so called white collar crimes and too many DWI’s. In short, the intricate designs and diversity contribute to an experience all to its own. First of all, we are going to discuss state prisons. They are exactly what they sound like – a prison that is run by the state that the jurisdiction falls under. It is said that the bulk of the one million-plus felons that reside in the United States are housed in state ran correctional institutions (Foster, 2006). According to Newsweek columnist Dahlia Lithwick, â€Å"The United States, with 5 percent of the worlds population, houses nearly 25 percent of the worlds prisoners† (Lathwick 2009). Although the basic standards have been set and put forth by the American Correctional Association or ACA for short, the states have different laws and regulations that may vary from state to state. For examples, some states allow capital punishment, while others do not. The prisons within the states also depend on the specific needs of the offender, as well as custody levels, which we will get into further later on in the writing. The general purpose of a prison is to confine felons to a term that was set during their trial as a punishment for the type of conviction that they have received for a committed crime. Their length of stay may depend on several things, including parole, behavior, crime-type and state laws that vary. The history begins with people trying to find a more humane punishment for criminals several hundred years ago, and is still developing to this very day. They began as an isolated punishment from criminals and then developed into places with better lighting and ability for guarded supervision. Over the years, they went from labor intensive models, to working models, doing community services among other things. They also had developed types of penal institutions that facilitated factory labor, such as license plates, and agriculture unites that grow things. Some of these practices are still used today. For example, they make road signs and have food farms in Texas for both agriculture produce and livestock alike. Panopticon was a prison with light from the top due to the glass roof. This was proposed by a man named Jeremy Bentham. The Pennsylvania and Auburn model penitentiaries became the easiest and most popular types due to the economical and financial ease. Industrial prisons were perfected in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, and then stepped down in popularity to the agriculture prison, or prison farm. Also, work camps did public works projects. Today’s prisons typically have five different custody levels (or a combination of). You have maximum security units, which are heavily secured and more isolated with far less offender movement then the lower custody upgrades. This is sometimes referred to as closed custody, or administrative segregation. You also have close-high-security prisons. This is close to the high risk, but gives a little bit more freedom within the unit’s confines. Medium-risk offenders typically see newer units with double fences and a higher guard-to-inmate ration. According to Foster (2006), about thirty-five percent of offenders fall into this category. From there, you have the minimum security prisons. Smaller prisons with fewer internal controls and a larger ration to guards and inmates dictate these facilities. Finally, you have what is commonly known as trustees, or open-security facilities. They hardly resemble prisons, and typically don’t even have locked doors or fences to confine the inmates. Other prison types include the infamous super-max unit that holds the most evil and deadly of inmates to the highest custody level possible and special housing units with security conditions similar to super-max farms, but house disciplinary offenders for shorter periods rather then long-term. There are many differences in the state prison systems out there. For example, custody levels, as previously mentioned, are typically governed by the crime that the criminal has committed and the security threat that they are classified as having. They also have to keep in mind that there are rules that must be followed, and as such, the frequency and severity of the infractions, usually called â€Å"good time†, can lower or raise the level of custody. You also have to take into consideration the types of units out there and their purpose in order to adequately describe the variances. Some are meant to educate and rehabilitate, as well as others are designed to progressively prepare offenders for re-entry into society. You also have units that are designed to produce and do work, or create food for the prison system, and others that are designed solely to segregate the problem-offenders from the rest of the general population. There are several differences, but in contrast, they all have several things in common. For starters, they are housing felons. Security and punishment is a common denominator. Federal prisons were established by Congress in 1930. Some things in consideration are unit management, mandatory literacy, gender-neutral employment, family culture and legal standards. The criminal types are those that have been convicted in Federal court for a multiplicity of crimes, ranging from white collar to extremely violent. They have minimum, low, medium, high and administrative maximum security levels. The conditions are typically better then state prison, and have a greater budget to work with. Being in prison is not meant to be fun. Criminals reside in state and federal prisons because they did something that is illegal. As such, they are punished, and the type of crime usually dictates the level of custody. Some units can help you become more educated, while others will lock you in a cell and allow you do â€Å"hard time†. One thing is for sure; prison is constantly developing, and will be every changing forever. References Foster, B. (2006). Corrections: The Fundamentals. Prentice-Hall, 123(5). Retrieved on March 28, 2010 using the University of Phoenix database. Lithwick, D. (5 June, 2009). Pour Real Prison Problem. Newsweek, June 2009 Issue, pg 1(4).

Marketing strategy of Fiat Grande Punto Abarth Essay

Marketing strategy of Fiat Grande Punto Abarth - Essay Example Adding the Abarth treatment will especially appeal to the youth segment of Fiat's market. The formation of a racing and rally team comes off as an attractive progression to the market when the Grand Punto Abarth S2000 won the Italian and European Rally Championships in 2006. Marketing schemes include promotional clothing and merchandise. As announced, the new Abarth division within Fiat comes off strong in experienced manpower support, "with a total of 113 experts, including 26 engineers, 43 on the manufacturing side of the business and nine dedicated purely to motorsport." The use of the scorpion emblem on the new Grande Punto shown in the recent Geneva Motor Show also is a particularly strong and visceral image that communicates well that Fiat's small car has power and "sting". Further, the marketing of the new Grande Punto Abarthe uses in full force the Abarthe legacy within Fiat that has been long relegated to the company's in-house tuning division. Absorbed by Fiat in 1971, the Abarth company founded by Carlo Abarth produced sporty versions of Fiat models. The last stand-alone Abarth model produced by Fiat was 1984 Ritmo 130 TC Abarth according to the Carblogger website. The strategy of reviving the Abarth marque within Fiat seems to be half-measure towards a full return of the Abarth model in the automaker stable of brands. The strategy is still to infuse Fiat models with the Abarth interpretation of a motorsports power and allure as it has done in the past. However, the more visual return of the marque (i.e the use of the scorpion logo) has started with the successful Grande Punto model, and Fiat has announced that the next car models to get Abarth treatment will be the Bravo and the Fiat 500. While not in itself a brand, the new marketing moves seems to communicate that this is so.And if this is so in full practice, Fiat may have created an all-new and stand-alone and modern Abarth brand that incorporates its traditional hold on motorsport glory and Fiat's known hold on the market for its pricing affordability. Instead of a piecemeal approach to allow the public to sample the Abarth treatment in every Fiat model, the company could have tested the Fiat Grande Punto Abarth market response in so far as to create an all-new market for a stand-alone Abarth brand. Thus, the marketing strategy may communicate well with existing and loyal Fiat buyers, and create even bigger demand within the captured market of Fiat, especially the young and bolder segments. However, this may not happen as effectively or as successfully to the market not yet reached by Fiat or those who have never bought Fiat cars in the past. For one, the brand is still in fact tied to "interpreting" its mark on Fiat's existing and successful car models. While marketing promotions as a communication strategy will add a notch over-all

Incorporating Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incorporating Theory - Term Paper Example Under the structure, the theory draws information from the factors that surround the environment in which care is delivered. For the process, the theory looks at the actions healthcare professionals undertake in order to deliver quality care. Finally, the outcomes section looks at the effects on delivery of health care. This theory is most relevant to this study, as it has been successfully used in past studies that were reviewing CLASBI prevention (Dougherty, 2012; Viswanatha, 2011). The theoretical framework developed by Danabedian will ensure all components under infection control are addressed towards preventing CLASBI. The theory has been widely used in assessing the three most important components under infection control. These include the environment in which care is delivered, the actions taken during delivery of care, and the outcomes. The proposed study investigates if the use of alcohol impregnated port protector caps to decreases the number of central line-associated bloodstream infections. This follows the various research findings showing that disinfection caps may be the way to go as far as CLASBI prevention and control is concerned (Wawrzyniak et al., 2014; Wright, et al., 2013). The theory, in this case, will carry out a systematic assessment of each component of this study, which involves the environment, practices involved, and results of care provided to confirm if the proposed solution works. Every component of the theory will be incorporated into the project. This will be achieved by considering the theory’s three major components. Under structure, the theoretical framework will be used to assess the effectiveness of alcohol impregnated port protector caps. For process, the framework will be used to monitor the nurses’ activities during the delivery of care as they utilize the alcohol impregnated port protector caps. Finally, the framework will be used to assess the outcomes of the whole project in